Abstract
Nature-based Solutions (NbS) are increasingly recognised as an effective approach for reducing natural hazard risks while simultaneously supporting climate adaptation, biodiversity conservation, and societal well-being. This working paper, developed by EUSALP Action Group 8 (Risk Governance), examines the current state of NbS implementation in the Alpine region, highlighting their benefits, key challenges, and practical applications. Building on existing policy documents, scientific literature, and the outcomes of an international workshop held during INTERPRAEVENT 2024, the paper adopts the PLANALP definition of NbS as actions that work with and enhance nature to provide protective functions against natural hazards. It identifies four main barriers to wider implementation: knowledge and legal gaps, insufficient financing, conflicting land-use interests, and limited political and societal acceptance. At the same time, the paper demonstrates that NbS provide multiple co-benefits, including improved ecosystem services, biodiversity conservation, enhanced climate resilience, recreational opportunities, and long-term sustainability compared with purely technical measures. Six case studies from Italy, Austria, Germany, Switzerland, and Slovenia illustrate different approaches to implementing NbS for flood protection, river restoration, and protective forest management. These examples show that successful implementation depends on cross-sectoral collaboration, stakeholder participation, long-term planning, and context-specific combinations of nature-based and engineered measures. The paper concludes that NbS should not be considered a universal substitute for technical infrastructure but rather an essential component of integrated risk governance. Strengthening governance frameworks, developing technical standards, improving monitoring systems, expanding funding opportunities, and enhancing institutional capacities will be crucial to unlocking the full potential of NbS for climate adaptation and disaster risk reduction in the Alpine region.