Abstract
The increasing number of wolves (Canis lupus) in Central Europe has increased wolf-livestock conflicts. Several studies have analysed the impact of herding styles and the possible influencing factors. However, short analysis periods and focusing on specific influencing factors can lead to ambiguous or contradictory results. This study used long-term data from 2000 to 2019 in the federal state of Saxony (Germany) to evaluate a broad range of potential influencing factors, thereby identifying critical factors that considerably impact the likelihood of livestock attacks or the extent of livestock damage due to wolves. Generalised linear models were used for modelling. Our analyses showed that small livestock were more at risk of wolf attacks when (1) the percentage of woodland in comparison to agricultural land was low, (2) wolf territories were in proximity, and (3) the abundance of red deer was low. In addition, wolf attacks were associated with more livestock damage when (1) sika and red deer were abundant, (2) livestock were held in small herds, and the number of farms was low, (3) protective measures were missing, and (4) packs held juvenile wolves. The information on fencing style, independent of the occurrence of wolf attacks, would significantly improve future research and may help minimise conflicts between wolves, livestock, and humans.