Abstract
Lean and Industry 4.0 (I4.0) mutually reinforce operational excellence. Recently, however, companies
have been urged to move beyond efficiency towards Industry 5.0 (I5.0), centred on sustainability, resilience, and human-centricity. Since I5.0 builds on I4.0 technologies, and Lean-I4.0 synergies are well
established, scholars have suggested that their integration could support the transition to I5.0. Yet
research remains limited and fragmented, often addressing the three pillars separately and discussing
Lean and I4.0 at a high level, without identifying concrete practice-technology pairings for implementation. This study addresses this gap through a systematic literature review and proposes a framework
showing how Lean practices and I4.0 technologies contribute to the three I5.0 pillars. The findings
reveal multiple pairings, while also showing that several Lean practices remain underexplored, some
relevant I4.0 technologies lack Lean integration, and current links focus mainly on manufacturing and
shop-floor management. A future research agenda is proposed.