Abstract
Ruminant production systems, in particular those involving cattle, play a substantial role in greenhouse gas emissions, particularly because of the amount of methane (CH4) that they eruct. Here we describe and incorporate the most relevant interdisciplinary approaches to mitigating CH4 emissions in dairy cattle farming. We examine genetic selection for reduced daily CH4 production, including key methods (direct measurement and mid-infrared spectroscopy (MIR) predictions) now being integrated into breeding goals in some countries (e.g., Canada). We also evaluate feeding interventions, such as forage digestibility improvements and the use of additives (tannins, algae, and specialized compounds like 3-NOP), which may reduce CH4 production in the rumen. Finally, we discuss manure management strategies (anaerobic digestion, reduced storage time, lower temperature) that can mitigate CH4 release. By combining these approaches, producers can potentially reduce CH4 emissions per unit of milk while maintaining productivity. However, important challenges persist — such as scaling up breeding practices without simply shifting emissions to beef systems, and verifying long-term impacts of dietary additives. We conclude that integrated breeding, feeding, and manure management strategies, supported by robust research and policy incentives, are essential for curbing dairy CH4 emissions while ensuring sustainable milk production worldwide.