Abstract
We give a general expression for the static potential energy of the gravitational interaction of two massive particles, in terms of an invariant vacuum expectation value of the quantized gravitational field. This formula holds for functional integral formulations of Euclidean quantum gravity, regularized to avoid the conformal instability. It could be regarded as the analogue of the Wilson loop of gauge theories and allows in principle, through numerical lattice simulations or other approximation techniques, non-perturbative evaluations of the potential or of the effective coupling constant.