Abstract
Electrolyte-gated field-effect transistors (EG-FETs) are widely used in the growing field of biochemical sensing applications, due to their manifold advantages, such as large specific capacitance, low operating voltage, and intrinsic signal amplification. In this work, carbon nanotube EG-FET (EG-CNTFET)-based sensors for ammonium (NH4+) detection are reported. The active semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotube (CNTs) layer was manufactured through a cost-effective and scalable spray deposition technique. To achieve high-quality semiconducting networks, the CNT ink was optimized. Atomic force microscopy analysis was used to optimize the CNT concentration and significantly reduce the post-treatment time from the previously reported 12 h to 1 h. The optimized ink was then used to fabricate EG-CNTFETs first on standard rigid Si/SiO2 substrate and then on flexible polyimide foils. Both devices showed typical p-type behavior with an on-off ratio in the order of magnitude of 103 A/A. Furthermore, as proof of concept, we demonstrated the detection of the NH4+ ions with EG-CNTFETs fabricated on a flexible substrate and functionalized with nonactin ion-selective membrane. The calibration curve of the fabricated sensors showed a linear detection range for ammonium from 0.01 to 10 mM, covering the entire range of physiological concentrations of interest, with an average sensitivity of 0.346 µA/decade and a 94.35% coefficient of determination.