Abstract
Adequately and timely measuring and evaluating the ground surface deformation (GSD) are keys to the prudent mitigation of frost hazards of foundation soils and thus to the safe and cost-effective operation of oil pipelines in permafrost regions. Thus, it is crucial to accurately evaluate the GSD along the route of China-Russia Crude Oil Pipelines (CRCOPs) for a better understanding of frequent and substantial (differential) frost heave and thaw settlement of pipeline foundation soils in permafrost regions. In this study, GSDs along the CRCOPs from Xiufeng town to Jinsong town, northern Heilongjiang Province were monitored in discontinuous permafrost regions in the northern Da Xing'anling Mountains, Northeast China. The Sentinel-1B images from 2017 to 2021 and the Small Baseline Subset Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (SBAS-InSAR) technology were used in combination with the Geographical Detector (GeoDetector) for identifying the drivers for GSDs and with ground survey data for validation analysis of GSD at chosen sites (e.g., MDX304 and others). InSAR results show that most of the annual GSD rates along the CRCOPs range from −10 to 0 mm/a, with larger deformation rates in Ta’he, Cuigang, and Jinsong. GeoDetector analysis shows that latitude and soil types are the most important contributors to GSDs along the CRCOPs, and; GSDs are closely related to elevation, ground temperature at the depth of 1 m (GT1m), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), annual precipitation (AP), and slope aspects. Analyses of ground and oil-flow temperatures and survey results of electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) show that permafrost along CRCOPs has been degrading and thawing, resulting in thaw settlement, consolidation, and deformation of pipeline foundation soils and underlying/lateral permafrost layers and subsequently, the ground surface subsidence. This study provides key deformation data for the assessment and mitigation of frost hazards along the CRCOPs.