Abstract
Space heating and cooling (H&C) constitute nearly half of Europe’s total energy consumption, yet only 23% of this demand is fulfilled by renewable sources. Green H&C technologies, characterized by both renewable energy usage and energy efficiency, remain underutilized despite their significant environmental and economic advantages. This study aims to identify the socio-economic barriers and drivers influencing the adoption of green H&C technologies across Europe. Employing a comprehensive analysis of policy, technological, and market dynamics, this study indicates how a synergy of policy frameworks and market forces can enhance the diffusion of these sustainable technologies. The results showed that key barriers, including dependence on fossil fuels, electricity supply challenges, lack of professional know-how, inertia, and concerns over noise and supply security, can be substantially mitigated through strategic policymaking and technological advancements. Moreover, policy measures, subsidies, incentives, R&D activities, and regulatory frameworks can effectively reduce uncertainties and enhance the competitiveness of green H&C systems compared to conventional methods.