Abstract
This study estimates the association between the level of biosecurity, animal welfare, milk quality,
and economic performance on 2291 mountain dairy farms which largely differs in management
and structure from large dairy operations in the lowlands mainly due to climatic and topographic
constraints in mountain areas. The dairy industry’s increasing emphasis on biosecurity is crucial for
ensuring animal health, productivity, and disease mitigation. Therefore, in the present study the
biosecurity and animal welfare status of mountain dairy farms were assessed considering the official
welfare protocol for dairy cows of the Italian ClassyFarm system. Our findings reveal a suboptimal
adoption of biosecurity measures, attributed to structural limitations in mountain farms and farmers’
awareness gaps. Despite these challenges, the economic significance of biosecurity adoption is
evident, emphasizing potential benefits for farm viability and animal health. Conversely, the study
indicates a moderate to good welfare status in assessed farms, reflecting farmers’ awareness of
the importance of high welfare standards for dairy cows. Improved welfare positively correlates
with milk sales and productivity, highlighting the economic advantages of prioritizing animal wellbeing.
Challenges persist, particularly regarding animal housing deficiencies and related consumer
concerns about animal welfare in dairy production. Therefore, targeted interventions and educational
initiatives are crucial to empower farmers and promote best practices in biosecurity and animal
welfare management. However, addressing resultant production cost increases necessitates society’s
willingness to pay more for animal-based food, emphasizing the importance of aligning economic
incentives with sustainable farming practices.