Abstract
Apples are long-term stored in quite similar CA conditions, expecting the behaviour during that storage to be the similar for all apples, only affected by cultivar and picking time. The aim of this study, within the Monalisa project, is the effect of growing conditions on the firmness behaviour of apples during postharvest CA storage and shelf-life. Apples of two cultivars ('Braeburn', 'Kanzi') were harvested from four orchards (different altitudes and different crop loads) and stored in commercial CA storage for nine months. Samples of 30 apples were taken from CA storage every one or two months and subjected to storage at room temperature. Apples were assessed on firmness shelf-life. Firmness measurements were carried out using the (destructive) puncture test and the (non-destructive) Aweta firmness meter. The first and overwhelming outcome of this study is the huge variation in firmness and the almost absence of firmness decrease of 'Kanzi' apples both during CA and shelf-life. The huge variation was tackled by novel statistical analysis techniques (probelation, quantile regression) and assuming a logistic behaviour. Data sets were analysed including the biological variation between individual fruit with explained variation (R 2 adj) often over 90%. Only minor effects of the CA duration on the rate of firmness loss during shelf life could be indicated. Altitude has a major effect on the level of firmness while crop load has less effect. Likely, higher altitudes result in lower growing temperatures and therefore in a lower rate of cell division during the early growth phase, which results in smaller and firmer apples. Crop load likely affects the amount of available photo assimilates per fruit. Higher crop load results therefore in smaller and firmer apples. These results clearly show that, up to now, the huge biological variation in the orchard prohibited progress in orchard dependant storage management. INTRODUCTION Apples are long-term stored in quite similar CA conditions, expecting the behaviour during that storage to be the similar for all apples, only affected by cultivar and picking time. The effect of CA (and normal air, NA) storage on firmness behaviour in apples has been reported on numerous occasions, mainly working with mean values. The effect of growing conditions on firmness of apples at harvest has been reported far less frequent, again all working with mean values. Reports on the effect of preharvest growing conditions on the behaviour of firmness in CA and NA storage and subsequent shelf life are virtually non-existent. The aim of this study, within the Monalisa project (http://www.monalisa-project.eu), is therefore to indicate the effects of growing conditions on the firmness behaviour of apples during postharvest CA storage and subsequent shelf-life, including the effect of differences (the biological variation) between fruit.