Abstract
This study evaluates the performance of ZERAF adaptive opaque façade configurations—Kinetic Cladding, Active Insulation, and their combination—against Standard Insulation using dynamic building energy simulations across six European climates for residential and office typologies. EnergyPlus source code modifications enabled accurate modeling of their dynamic behavior. Results show significant reductions in heating and cooling energy demand, with cooling savings more pronounced. In single-family houses, adaptive façades eliminated the need for active cooling in several climates. Heating reductions depended on winter solar availability, whereas in offices, high internal gains and limited adaptive façade area meant cooling was still required. These findings highlight the potential of adaptive façades to improve energy efficiency and thermal comfort while emphasizing the need for optimized control strategies.