Abstract
The effect of by-pass diodes in case of partial shading of PV systems is usually not included in long-term calculations or in optimization algorithms due to the complexity of the equations involved. The effects of partial shading are particularly relevant in unconventional applications such as urban PV. The aim of this work is to present a simple model which can be used both for systems with series and parallel connected modules. For the sake of usability, especially in case of optimization algorithms or complex lighting scenarios, it is necessary to reduce the computational time required for the yield calculation. The model is based on the combination of module individual approximated I-V curves to reproduce the connections of real systems. The model was verified comparing the results with the ones obtained with an electrical circuit simulator.