Abstract
The exchange of information is essential for public debate and the formation of public opinion. However, not all information is conducive to the development of personal opinions on public affairs that genuinely reflect the autonomous will of individuals while contributing to the identification and realization of what is beneficial for the community. In recent years, the proliferation of disinformation has underscored the critical importance of the quality of information accessible to the public, particularly in shaping political opinions and making decisions on vital issues such as security and the stability of democratic systems. As the public sphere becomes increasingly fragmented and diversified across various digital media, factors such as the concentration of media ownership (especially as far as social media are concerned) and its growing proximity to political actors warrant careful consideration. While it is theoretically true that the public sphere serves as a bridge between the governed and the governing, practical access remains complex: due to digital divides and epistemic injustices, certain groups are often excluded from discussions, and not all opinions carry equal weight. This chapter will explore the interplay between disinformation and epistemic injustices within the public sphere, highlighting their implications for public opinion formation.