Abstract
Studies of atherosclerosis in ancient mummies from diverse regions around the world have revealed that this vascular disease was present across different civilizations and time periods, challenging assumptions about its origins and contributing factors.
We analyzed Computer Tomography scan data (CT scan) from 15 Andean Bolivian mummies (11 males, 3 females, 1 indeterminate) housed in the National Museum of Archaeology – MUNARQ in La Paz. CT scan data were systematically reviewed for evidence of vascular disease. The mean age at death was 42.2 years overall, with males averaging 39.3 years and females 49.2 years. Atherosclerosis was identified in 7 individuals (47%), comprising 3 with definite and 4 with probable lesions. Vascular tissue suitable for assessment was preserved in 10 of the 15 mummies, and among these, 7 (70%) showed signs of atherosclerosis.
Radiocarbon dates of 6 out of 15 mummies placed these individuals to the Late Intermediate Period (1110 – 1140 AD). Stable isotope analysis (δ13C and δ15N) of 6 mummified individuals with confirmed atherosclerosis revealed a mixed diet characterized by C3 plant consumption with variable C4 input (suggesting moderate maize intake), and a high dependance on animal protein sources. These dietary patterns, particularly high protein intake, may have played a role in cardiovascular health and align with growing evidence that atherosclerosis was prevalent in ancient populations with diverse, non-industrial diets.
Moreover, given the genetic component of atherosclerosis, dietary factors can mitigate its severity but cannot fully prevent the disease in a population due to the underlying genetic predisposition.
Finally, atherosclerosis prevalence among Bolivian Altiplano mummies was consistent with observations in other ancient populations. This finding challenges the hypothesis that high- altitude living confers protection against cardiovascular disease. This will be helpful in demonstrating that despite having minimal risk factors for atherosclerosis, this is a disease with deep evolutionary roots, regardless of lifestyle or environmental differences.