Abstract
The glacier mummy Ötzi, discovered in 1991 in the Ötztal Alps, is among the most thoroughly studied mummies worldwide. His exceptionally well-preserved state provides profound insights into the Copper Age, particularly regarding lifestyle, diet, diseases, and cause of death. Multidisciplinary studies – including anthropological, paleopathological, molecular, and radiological analyses – have yielded detailed knowledge about Ötzi’s way of life and the circumstances surrounding his violent death. This article focuses on the investigations conducted on Ötzi’s skeleton and highlights their significant contributions to his study. The skeleton shows clear signs of intense physical activity and high mobility, most notably evident in the pronounced development of the tibia, a typical feature of movement in alpine terrain. At the same time, degenerative joint diseases, especially in the spine and lower extremities, reflect the physical strain he endured. Interestingly, the joints in his arms and hands show little to no wear. The circumstances of his death were reconstructed through detailed analyses: an arrow wound in his left shoulder severed the scapula and the subclavian artery, a likely fatal injury. Additionally, evidence of a cranial trauma suggests a potential fall or another assault. The findings of Ötzi research provide unique insights into the living conditions of the Copper Age and the early medical practices of that period. They illustrate how Ötzi and his community adapted to the challenges of a harsh alpine environment.