Abstract
This chapter aims to outline current knowledge concerning the genetic background of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and its study in ancient human remains. This is demonstrated by the application of a palaeogenetic analysis to the mummy of the Tyrolean Iceman, who presented with both arterial calcifications and a strong genetic predisposition for heart disease. Further discussion highlights how the study of ancient humans can provide new insights into the genetic background of CVD and its intersection with risk factors related to lifestyle.