Abstract
Plastic pollution has become one of the most pervasive and persistent environmental challenges driven by human activities. Among its most concerning forms are micro- and nanoplastics, which have only recently been recognized as potential phytotoxic agents. These contaminants can accumulate in soil and plant tissues, posing risks to food safety. In this chapter, we examine the main mechanisms of absorption, translocation, and phytotoxicity, considering both direct and indirect effects on plants. Our discussion extends beyond crop species to encompass the ecological impacts on both native and exotic plants. Additionally, we explore the synergistic effects of micro- and nanoplastics with other abiotic stress factors, such as drought, nutrient deficiency, and heavy metals. Finally, we address the methods and challenges associated with detecting plastics in plant tissues.