Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to carry out a thorough, comparative analysis of the implementation gap that exists between international standards and domestic practice related Indigenous Peoples' right to prior consultation and their Free, Prior, and Informed Consent (FPIC). More specifically, this chapter: analyses significant experiences in different countries throughout Latin America and the contrasting case of Canada; provides answers to key research questions on prior consultation and FPIC; and highlights implications for scholars and practitioners alike. Finally, it makes a critique of the " implementation gap " approach and proposes the perspective of " Indigenous empowerment " as a useful alternative.