Abstract
Mountain regions provide various goods and services to people such as fresh water, timber, climate regulation, and recreation. This chapter illustrates the spatial distribution of eight key ecosystem services across the European Alps and adjacent lowland areas and analyses linkages with sustainability. The results indicate important spatial mismatches between (semi-)natural mountain environments and densely populated lowlands and between ecosystem services and sustainability. More attention should be paid on transportation processes and human well-being across different spatial scales to support the sustainable development of mountain socio-ecological systems.